Electricity is the Need of Every City

Electricity will increasingly power the world's economies in the 21st century, rivalling oil as the dominant energy carrier, according to a new report by the International Energy Agency. Actively managing this transformation is the only way to ensure we meet global energy security and climate goals economically, the report says.

The report, Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP 2014), offers a comprehensive, long-term analysis of trends in the energy sector and of the technologies that are essential to achieving an affordable, secure and low-carbon energy system. ETP 2014also features the IEA’s annual progress report on global efforts to engineer a clean-energy transformation. It shows that while clean energy technology deployment in emerging economies has rallied over the past year – making up for declines in the industrialised world -- the overall picture of progress remains bleak. Indeed, the level of progress described in the 2014 report is arguably less than what was documented in the IEA’s previous tracking report.

“Electricity is going to play a defining role in the first half of this century as the energy carrier that increasingly powers economic growth and development. While this offers many opportunities, it does not solve all our problems; indeed, it creates many new challenges,” said IEA Executive Director Maria van der Hoeven, who launched the report during the Fifth Clean Energy Ministerial meeting in Seoul.

“We must get it right, but we’re on the wrong path at the moment,” she added. “Growing use of coal globally is overshadowing progress in renewable energy deployment, and the emissions intensity of the electricity system has not changed in 20 years despite some progress in some regions. A radical change of course at the global level is long overdue.”

The specific theme of ETP 2014, Harnessing Electricity’s Potential, reflects the convergence of two trends: rapidly rising global electricity demand and the evident need for increased system integration. Electricity’s overall share of total energy demand has roughly doubled over the last 40 years, but the bulk of power generation today is hardly “low-carbon”. Electricity production uses 40% of primary energy and produces an equal share of energy-related CO₂ emissions. However, cost-effective, practical solutions can increase efficiency, moderate electricity demand and decarbonise almost all power generation by 2050.

ETP 2014 presents three scenarios to show how the global energy system – and especially electricity production and use – could evolve between now and 2050. In all of its scenarios, the IEA sees electricity’s role in the energy system growing faster than any other source. The main scenario, the 2 Degree Scenario, or 2DS, aligns with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change analysis and demonstrates the actions needed in the energy sector to limit the rise in global temperatures to no more than 2 degrees C. The 2DS reflects a concerted effort to drastically reduce current dependence on fossil fuels: under the 2DS, electricity overtakes oil products to become the dominant final energy carrier.

The report finds that an additional USD 44 trillion in investment is needed to secure a clean-energy future by 2050, but this represents only a small portion of global GDP and is offset by over USD 115 trillion in fuel savings. The new estimate compares to USD 36 trillion in the previous ETP analysis, and the increase partly shows something the IEA has said for some time: the longer we wait, the more expensive it becomes to transform our energy system. Attracting capital investments will be key to financing the transition to a clean energy system, but higher capital costs (despite lower operating costs) of low-carbon technologies mean investors will need support to alleviate their exposure to a shift in risk profiles.

Several other key points emerge in ETP 2014’s analysis:

• The unrelenting rise in coal use without deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is fundamentally incompatible with climate change objectives.
• Deployment of variable renewable energy (VRE) is growing, and in some cases becoming competitive. Experience shows that balancing VRE supply and patterns of energy demand must – and can – be actively managed.
• Natural gas can, in the short term, play a dual role of replacing coal and supporting integration of VRE. But in the medium to longer term, gas must be seen for what it is: a transitional fuel, not a low-carbon solution unless it is coupled with CCS.
• Electricity storage can play multiple roles in an integrated system, as can other technologies with which it must compete. Contrary to many other voices, ETP analysis finds that electricity storage alone is not an indispensable game changer for the future energy system.
• Electricity could be the key to weaning the transportation sector off its oil addiction, but not all regions are at the same level of readiness to take that leap.

ETP 2014 notes that the energy goals of emerging economies may be different than those of the developed world, and therefore require different approaches. For example, very few countries face challenges of the magnitude that confrontIndia in its quest to maintain strong economic growth while providing electricity to its 300 million citizens who currently lack access. In a chapter devoted to India, ETP 2014 examines the institutional and structural barriers that are hampering the much-needed expansion of the country’s power sector.

The analysis in ETP 2014 provides decision makers from governments and industry alike with the vision to unlock new opportunities to enhance the efficiency, security and reliability of the energy system, while reducing the cost of the required infrastructure, and decarbonising the overall energy supply. But to identify and resolve all the challenges of this transition, ETP 2014 demonstrates that the decision-making process needs to be revised, abandoning the short-term, siloed attitudes of the past, and embracing a longer-term systems approach that identifies synergies within all sectors of the energy system.