Tuesday, May 27, 2014

Luxury is an Injury to the Environment







How big is this world? As big as our as eyes can see. To make this world dark when it is sunny, just by closing the eyelids we can bring darkness envelop her. Similarly we can see the brightness of the world - still brighter than what we see outside by closing our eyelids too.  All in our perception. 



“The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven..”
― John MiltonParadise Lost

Though many around the globe shout from their  rooftops about this 'Global Heating' people are adamant and refuse to hear and act. I had an opportunity to stay at a 5 star hotel recently and came to know how much energy, water and other vital resources are wasted. The rooms are air conditioned for 24/365 . What for the corridors? The cemented steely pillars can't stand heat!
The laziest animal on  this planet is hesitant even to turn the taps on. It has to fall on his hands as the emperor  downs his noble hands.  It is a colossal waste of water as the sensors are not in a position to know the exact requirement at the moment. They do stop at the withdrawal of hands but even before this the damage is done. May be the sensors are more sensible.

The wash rooms or bath rooms again resemble a swanky office with a telephone connection too. Cant this fellow be free even while he takes bath? There I found towels of huge size in purest white  spread on the floor for the emperor. The towels are washed everyday. What a loss of water and chemicals in the form of detergent and energy! What if this man's feet falls on the swanky tiled floor? He needs a velvety cushion  in the few moments he would be there with his dirtying job. 
Again in the break fast/lunch halls the guests were given towels for cleaning up their hands after food. The oily, sticky yellowish Indian masala destroyed the finest white beyond recognition.   What the hell would fall if they move away and wash their hands with a little soap water. The irony  is the people who were visiting such hotels for the first time -like me - too wiped out their sin in the way I said earlier. And the cruelest part was a bearer standing with a bowl of water with a cut lemon piece too. The temporal  emperors  dipped their hands into it and got washed off. 
The hotel had an acre of lawns and scores of men were employed to maintain it. Every day gallons of water was sprinkled and the grass were happy at the generosity of man and the guests were thrilled at the sight of grass as they have not seen a leaf of grass for a long time. But was unhappy at the atrocity and talked to the gentleman I/C. He agreed at the suggestion of mine to have vegetable and fruits  plants instead of this korean grass. The guests too can participate in watering or pruning as otherwise they have only TV and magazines to kill their time. They may be allowed to pluck the tomato fruits and eat. They can dig out a carrot and taste. I'm glad my suggestion was taken up.
Let us build this earth. 
....to be continued. 

Experience from Nigeria

Nigeria

Nigeria: Lingering Issue of Climate Change



OPINION
Despite spirited sensitisation programmes and advocacy by different environmental rights groups and intercontinental bodies, it appears that many people still do not have an idea of what global warming, climate change, desertification and the attendant environmental issues these portend for them as individuals or as a nation.
For some, they are abstract terms they came across while still in school and which keep coming up today. For others, the terms are simply unknown to them since they have never heard or understand them. For another prominent group, it is not worth a bit of worry since it does not directly affect them.
In the course of research by this reporter, it was discovered that only one out of three people interviewed appeared to have an idea of the meaning of the terms. While the research may only have covered a few people, it is nevertheless obvious that a great percentage of Nigerians do not know most of the environmental issues at stake which are presently creating ripples in many countries.
For Halima Ahmed, the terms seem to strike a chord in her mind but she did not know what they mean and how they affect her. Slowly biting her finger she attempts to remember but at the end she says resignedly, 'I cannot remember but I know it has to do with the environment.'
Simon Okenzi (real name withheld) has never heard of the terms. And he does not seem perturbed about it as he goes back to his business after that response. Another interviewee, Taiwo Adeniyi, however seems to know some of the terms. 'I know it has to do with the depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is a cloud that protects mankind from the destructive rays from the sun. But due to the increase in hydro carbons in the air due to commercial activities the ozone layer is reducing and causing damage to the earth,' he reeled.
But for authorities in far away Pacific Island Countries, PICs climate change and its attendant consequences are worth deliberating on. Scientists from 12 PICs recently gathered in Suva to discuss climate engineering, a little known term in Africa. Climate engineering is a term which has been in prominence since the 1990's. It is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the earth's climatic system with the aim of reducing global warming.
A Fijian official, Esala Nayasi in an interaction tagged, 'First Open Discussion Workshop about Climate Engineering: Perspectives of Pacific Small Island States', noted the need for research, scientific studies, data and even climate engineering in addressing the impact climate will have on these nations.
"I know and I believe we all know - climate change constitutes to one of the greatest barriers to sustainable development for small island states. In fact for us we know it is more of a security threat to our countries. Adverse effects to climate change affect the very core of our own survival,"Nyasi was quoted as saying.
Michael Fleshman a writer from Africa Renewal said the global effects of global warming are alarming. "These changes, (climate change)which are occurring in every part of the world, are now widely understood to be caused by human activities, particularly those that use pollution-producing oil and other fossil fuels such as industrial processes, electricity generation and motor cars.
Gases created by such activities are building up in the atmosphere, trapping too much of the sun's heat and raising the earth's temperature - a process known as global warming. As the earth heats up, it alters rainfall and other weather and climate patterns, threatening human, animal and plant life with potentially calamitous climate change."
In Nigeria, environmental rights bodies are equally taking stock of the damages being caused by climate change and global warming. They are equally proffering radical solutions if Nigeria is to survive the dangers inherent in ignorance
For Dr Victor Fodeke, chairman, National Stakeholders Advisory Board of the Climate Change Network, Nigeria climate change is a disaster waiting to happen if the country does not take adequate steps to nip the crisis in the bud. In an interaction with Daily Trust, he said, "The reality of climate change impacts on Nigeria in terms of evidence based projections and already impacted scenarios is alarming enough to roll out the drums calling on all stakeholders to take action.
While the northern part of Nigeria is being devastated by drought and desertification that close up communities and farmlands at the rate of 0.6 km (600m) per year, the southern part is also being destroyed by floods and erosion and sea level rise, all caused by climate change with common disastrous denominators such as destruction of crops, lives and properties. Thus poverty is intensified, livelihoods impaired, rural-urban migration heightened, resource-sharing conflicts increased, sustainable development disrupted, political destabilisation sets in,"
He gives a workable solution though: "Climate change notwithstanding its negative impacts comes with productive and meaningful opportunities which therefore behoves on national government to reposition its economic development strategies and policy frameworks towards turning the adversity posed by it into opportunity.
This can be done by going green or embracing economy initiative which is defined by the United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP as an economy that results in improved well being and reduced inequalities over the long term while not exposing future generations to environmental risks and ecological scarcities. The United Nations Secretary General, Mr Ban Ki-Moon further upholds that, 'Among the most significant implications of the shift to greener economy is its potential to mitigate climate change and assist countries in coping with the growing impacts.'
All these entail developing climate resilient actions (adaptation or coping capacity) and low carbon development actions (mitigation) across various sectors of the economy and national development which is embodied in our 7 point strategic Action Plan 2013-2015. This has led to initiating the Green Canopy Advocacy Project for promoting climate mitigation and National Advocacy Campaign for Adaptation in Nigeria, NACAN for promoting climate adaptation."
However global leaders of thought also appear to be looking at the imminence of such environmental disasters and how to effectively manage them through the channelling of funds to communities in Africa adversely affected by climate change.
In an article (part of a series by the Financial Times' This Is Africa publication on realizing Africa's agricultural potential in partnership with the Rockefeller Foundation)written by Nigeria's minister of finance, Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Dr. Richard Wilcox, Interim Director General of African Risk Capacity (ARC)-a specialized agency of the African Union, financial preparedness to handle natural disaster through 'continental sovereign disaster risk pool' is advocated.
"Natural disasters, driven by climate change, threaten to undermine the hard-fought gains made over the last decade, just as Africa is beginning to realize its vast agricultural potential...Later this year, world leaders will gather in Warsaw for the United Nations' Climate Change Conference, and the agenda will include regional risk pools. Any effective mechanism for adapting to climate change needs to provide timely and reliable funding linked to weather events.
Fundamentally this is an insurance proposition. The ARC (African Risk Capacity) and its Caribbean sister institution, the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF), stand at the forefront of this effort. Africa has a technically and financially sophisticated, fair and well-governed contribution ready,' noted both leaders.
Courtesy:allafrica.com
Nigeria
We've Located Chibok Schoolgirls, Says Military 
The chief of defence staff, Air Chief Marshal Alex Sabundu Badeh, yesterday disclosed that the military has located the … see more »
Nigeria
We've Located Chibok Schoolgirls, Says Military 
The chief of defence staff, Air Chief Marshal Alex Sabundu Badeh, yesterday disclosed that the military has located the … see more »
Nigeria
We've Located Chibok Schoolgirls, Says Military 
The chief of defence staff, Air Chief Marshal Alex Sabundu Badeh, yesterday disclosed that the military has located the … see more »

Facts on Water


Water is food and fire is the eater of the food. 

Fire is established in water and 

Water is established in fire 


-Taittiriya Upanishad 3.8

World oceans cover about three fourth of earth’s surface. According to the UN estimates, the total amount of water on earth is about 1400 million cubic kilometre  which is enough to cover the earth with a layer of 3000 metres depth. However the fresh water constitutes a very small proportion of this enormous quantity. About 2.7 per cent of the total water available on the earth is fresh water of which about 75.2 per cent lies frozen in polar regions and another 22.6 per cent is present as ground water. The rest is available in lakes, rivers, atmosphere, moisture, soil and vegetation. What is effectively available for consumption and other uses is a small proportion of the quantity available in rivers, lakes and ground water. The crisis about water resources development and management thus arises because most of the water is not available for use and secondly it is characterized by its highly uneven spatial distribution. Accordingly, the importance of water has been recognised and greater emphasis is being laid on its economic use and better management.

Water on the earth is in motion through the hydrological cycle. The utilisation of water for most of the users i.e. human, animal or plant involve movement of water. The dynamic and renewable nature of the water resources and the recurrent need for its utilisation requires that water resources are measured in terms of its flow rates. Thus water resources have two facets. The dynamic resource, measured as flow is more relevant for most of developmental needs. The static or fixed nature of the reserve, involving the quantity of water, the length of area of the water bodies is also relevant for some activities like pisciculture, navigation etc. Both these aspects are discussed below.

Irrigation World

Analysing the country-wise geographical area, arable land and irrigated area in the World, it is found that among the continents largest geographical area lies in the Africa which is about 23 per cent of the world geographic area. However, Asia (excluding erstwhile countries of USSR) with only 21 per cent of world geographical area has about 32 per cent of world’s arable land followed by North Central America having about 20 per cent of World’s arable land. Africa has only 12 per cent of world’s arable land. It has been seen that irrigated area in the World as about 18.5 per cent of the arable land in 1994. In 1989, 63 per cent of world’s irrigated area was in Asia, whereas in 1994 this percentage has gone upto 64 per cent. Also 37 per cent of arable land of Asia was irrigated in 1994. Among Asian countries, India has the largest arable land, which is close to 39 per cent of Asia’s arable land. Only United States of America has more arable land than India.



Water - Ideas from Gujarat




 The Indian economy and society today face enormous challenges in the water 
sector. Water demands of our fast industrialising economy and urbanizing society are 
steeply increasing, but the potential for augmenting supply is limited, ground-water 
tables are rapidly falling and water quality issues are increasingly getting critical. 
Climate change poses new but serious challenges with its impacts on the Nature's 
hydrologic cycle. More extreme rates of precipitation and evapo-transpiration will 
worsen the impacts of floods and droughts. lt is no wonder then that conflicts across 
competing uses and users of water are growing with passing of every day. These 
challenges can only be met through a paradigm shift in the management of water 
resources in India. The National Water Policy should obviously come out with clinical 
diagnosis of the problems and the correct remedial policy prescriptions along with 
timeframe for implementation. Further, the nature and magnitude of water challenges, 
that we have already started facing and will eventually become further severe in coming 
days, also call for innovative and out of box solutions. 

lnnovations hold the key 
 
 The National Water Policy should encourage such innovations in water sector 
which focus on finding affordable solutions for the needs of people with no sacrifice of 
quality of life or economic output. lnnovation can play a key role in not only driving 
growth and competitive advantage, but also ensuring that this development becomes 
socially inclusive as well as economically and environmentally sustainable. Proactive 
States need to be incentivized in order to ensure that the nation's resources are utilized 
optimally and efficiently. Here, I would like to mention a few such innovative initiatives, 
which can be suitably extended and improvised further. 
 
1) More than water demand management; the water management is going to be very 
crucial issue in coming years. ln order to meet with the burgeoning water demands, we 
need to prepare water management experts. Necessary education and training needs to 
be incorporated in the curriculum, and also it is to be ensured that when these experts 
pass out from the universities, they are offered appropriate job opportunities. This would 98 
 
serve as an incentive for students to take up the course for water management and the 
nation would benefit by infusing young talent in this field. The policy should incorporate 
this aspect so that it gets focused attention from all concerned. 
 
2) Another aspect for which I would like to invlte attention of this august body is the 
necessity to promote desalination in a big way. Our country has got about 4000 km long 
coast line. Why can't we think of utilizing saline water from sea by desalinization 
technology and other options as well? This will help ameliorate water availability, 
especially in the coastal area. To make desalination more effective, economy of scale is 
required as it seems to be an expensive affair. However, if the value of some other 
outputs such as sodium, potassium and magnesium is taken into account, it may turn 
out to be affordable. Another way of utilizing sea water is to blend it with potable water in 
required proportion so as to make such blended water fit for agriculture/ irrigation. ln 
order to boost this technology, there is a need to provide appropriate incentives for 
innovations, so that desalination becomes affordable. Draft Water Policy should include 
this aspect also. 
 
3) Recent experiments have shown some possibility of generation of water from the wind 
through wind mills. Though this is an emerging technology, further innovations are 
necessary. The policy should encourage such innovations because this will address 
twin-problems of electric power supply and water supply, especially for villages. 
 
4)  Rain water Harvesting and recycling of water is another area which can help augment 
the available water resources. Not only should these be made mandatory but, the policy 
should also stipulate certain percentages for such mandatory recycling of water for major 
cities as well as for industrial and commercial units which are the bulk users of water. 
 
5) Natural replenishment of ground water reservoir is slow and is unable to keep pace with 
the excessive continued exploitation of ground water resources in various parts of the 
country. Magnitude of ground water exploitation with sub optimal planning has resulted 
in creating deleterious effects in terms of ground water depletion and quality 
deterioration. Augmentation of ground water reservoir through Managed Aquifer 
Recharge (MAR) offers a positive approach to overcome the problems of ground water 
scarcity. The Water Policy should have necessary provision for MAR. 
 
6) Solar energy is another emerging technology and is very relevant in our country, where 
sun light is available in abundance and throughout the year. lf the solar panels are laid 
all along the canals, dual purposes of nearly eliminating water-loss due to evaporation 
from the open canal as well as generation of solar energy without acquiring any land can 
be served. Gujarat has endeavoured this on pilot basis on one of the branch canals of 
Sardar Sarovar Project and the results are encouraging. This can be replicated 
elsewhere in the country on a large scale. However for its successful introduction; 
Government of lndia should provide financial assistance. This also needs to be 
incorporated as policy prescription in the draft water policy.

7) lt is well known that open canal system causes heavy water loss through evaporation 
besides occupying a vast chunk of irrigable land. Further; the cost of acquisition of land 
and the time lost in the procedure is the major hindrance in the progress of canals. 
Laying of underground pipelines, wherever technically feasible, can be a better option to 
resolve all these issues. However, in order to give a big push, Government of lndia 
needs to provide financial assistance in view of the initial capital investment. The 
Government of Gujarat has already initiated actions in this regard for Sardar Sarovar 
Project command area. This aspect should also be addressed in our water policy 
document. 
 
8) Demand side management also needs to be considered to meet with limited availability 
of water. Since, agriculture has a major share in total water use, there is an urgent need 
to promote research for new seed varieties that would require less water for growth and 
are also more water-stress resistant. The Water Policy should address this aspect suitably. 
 
Need to revisit the Policy framed l0 years ago: 
 
 I would, like to bring out certain important and very relevant provisions as 
contained in the National Water Policy 2002, which do not find place in the draft Policy 
2012. These are: 
 
1) Draft Water Policy 2012 is silent about defining the priorities for water allocation which 
were clearly stipulated in National Water Policy 2002. The Water Policy should include 
this to serve as general guidance. 
2) Provisions made for encouraging execution of water resources projects, benefitting the 
tribal and weaker sections of the society are missing in the draft Policy 2012. These 
need to be reconsidered for inclusion. 
3) Provision for water zoning of the country is aIso not found in the draft Policy 2012. 
Economic development and allied activities including agricultural, industrial and urban 
development, should be planned with due regard to the constraints imposed by the 
configuration of water availability. 
4) As laid down in National Water Policy 2002 the provision for enacting the Dam safety 
legislation may be continued to ensure proper inspection, maintenance and surveillance 
of existing dams and also to ensure proper planning, investigation, design and 
construction for safety of new dams. 

Ground Water: Need to Consult the Stakeholders 
 
 The draft water policy tends to suggest for Government regulation of wells and 
their use which is highly sensitive and needs a cautious approach since it is concerning 
to our millions of farmers. There are more than 100 million agriculture land holdings in 
our country out of which small and marginal farmers, together, constitute about 80 
percent of total holdings and their average is less than one hectare of land. Besides, the 
irrigation cover can at best be provided for about 60 percent of total cultivable area at 
national level. Further, the idea of considering water as community managed resource 
may seem to be very good; but its implementation may pose a number of 
unprecedented legal complexities. ln this regard, we need to consider two-pronged 
strategy comprising of preventive measures framework and regulatory measures 
framework, especially for industrial and commercial use of ground water. Also, it would 
be prudent for the Policy makers to take a broader view and consult the farmers, and 
other stake-holders extensively before coming to any conclusion. 
Other Important Aspects 
 
a) The Draft Policy also proposes for releasing certain amount of water for ecological 
purposes. This is definitely a welcome step. However, in existing schemes, it would be 
very difficult to do so at the cost of various established water uses. Looking to the 
practicalities of implementation, it seems appropriate to consider this provision only for 
projects to be taken up henceforth. Also, it would be prudent for the Policy makers to 
consult the farmers, and other stake-holders before coming to any conclusion in this 
regard. 
 
b) The Draft Policy 2012 touches upon the aspect of interlinking of rivers very cursorily. The 
fact is that the Ministry of Water Resources had formulated a National Perspective plan 
for water resources development by transferring water from water-surplus basins to 
water-deficit basins / regions by interlinking of rivers as early as in 1980 and this scheme 
of interlinking of rivers was approved with two components viz. Himalayan rivers and 
Peninsular rivers. As the population is growing and the availability of water is dwindling, 
there is an urgent need to transfer water from water-surplus to the deficient areas. 32 
years later, the policy should now spell out concrete steps to be taken and draw up a 
time-bound action plan rather than skirting this issue of vital national importance. 
 
c) The draft Policy talks about pari-passu planning and execution of all components of a 
water resource project. Here, I would like to emphasize upon the need for simplification 
of procedures for Forest and Environment clearance; Land Acquisition procedures and 
the procedures for getting clearance from Railways & National Highways Authorities for enabling pari-passu execution. The Policy must clearly spell out about effecting changes in Land Acquisition Act and Guidelines for Forest and Environment Clearances along with the mechanism for the single window clearance with time capping for issuance of requisite clearance / approval. 

d) As was rightly mentioned in National water policy 2002, the states find it difficult to fund 
the maintenance of water resource schemes which is under non-plan budget. Therefore, 
a centrally funded scheme or a National Corpus fund needs to be devised / created to 
help the States undertake properly the maintenance or upkeep of water resources 
schemes. 
 
e) Water disputes between the states are governed by the provisions of lnter State water 
Disputes Act, 1956, which was amended in the year 2002. It is our common knowledge 
and experience that, the Tribunals appointed for the purpose take years to come to any 
conclusion. Further, the award of the Tribunal is challenged by the aggrieved party 
resulting in further delay. Keeping this in view, the Sarkaria Commission on Center-State 
relationship has also recommended making necessary amendments in this Act including 
for fixing the time-limit for the settlement of such disputes by the Tribunals. The National 
Water .Policy should consider this recommendation of amending our existing legal 
framework / statutes so as to ensure that the inter-state water disputes are not suffering 
from undue delay and are settled timely.

d) As was rightly mentioned in National water policy 2002, the states find it difficult to fund 
the maintenance of water resource schemes which is under non-plan budget. Therefore, 
a centrally funded scheme or a National Corpus fund needs to be devised / created to 
help the States undertake properly the maintenance or upkeep of water resources 
schemes. 
 
e) Water disputes between the states are governed by the provisions of lnter State water 
Disputes Act, 1956, which was amended in the year 2002. It is our common knowledge 
and experience that, the Tribunals appointed for the purpose take years to come to any 
conclusion. Further, the award of the Tribunal is challenged by the aggrieved party 
resulting in further delay. Keeping this in view, the Sarkaria Commission on Center-State 
relationship has also recommended making necessary amendments in this Act including 
for fixing the time-limit for the settlement of such disputes by the Tribunals. The National 
Water .Policy should consider this recommendation of amending our existing legal 
framework / statutes so as to ensure that the inter-state water disputes are not suffering 
from undue delay and are settled timely.






Water resources and Drought




Inland Water resources of the country are classified as rivers and canals; reservoirs; tanks & ponds; beels, oxbow lakes, derelict water; and brackish water. Other than rivers and canals, total water bodies cover all area of about 7 M.Ha. Of the fivers and canals, Uttar Pradesh occupies the First place with the total length of rivers and canals as 31.2 thousand km, which is about 17 percent of the total length of rivers and canals in the country. Other states following Uttar Pradesh are Jammu & Kashmir and Madhya Pradesh. Among the remaining forms of the inland water resources, tanks and ponds have maximum area (2.9 M.Ha.) followed by reservoirs (2.1 M.Ha.).

Most of the area under tanks and ponds lies in Southern States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. These states along with West Bengal, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, account for 62 percent of total area under tanks and ponds in the country. As far as reservoirs are concerned, major states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasman and Uttar Pradesh account for larger portion of area under reservoirs. More than 77 percent of area under beels, oxbow, lakes and derelict water lies in the states of Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Assam. Orissa ranks first as regards the total area of brackish water and is followed by Gujarat, Kerala and West Bengal. The total area of inland water resources is, thus, unevenly distributed over the country with five states namely Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and West Bengal accounting for more than half of the country's inland water bodies.

DROUGHT
It is difficult to provide a precise and universally accepted definition of drought due to its varying characteristics and impacts across different regions such as rainfall patterns, human response and resilience etc. Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate and occurs in all climatic regimes and is usually characterized in terms of its spatial extension, intensity and duration. Drought causes economic, environmental and social impacts.
Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal Ministry in respect of monitoring and managing drought conditions and droughts are classified into meteorological droughts, hydrological droughts and agricultural droughts.
Meteorological drought is classified based on rainfall deficiency w.r.t. long term average – 25% or less is normal, 26-50% is moderate and more than 50% is severe.
Hydrological drought is best defined as deficiencies in surface and sub-surface water supplies leading to a lack of water for normal and specific needs. Such conditions arise even in times of average (or above average) precipitation when increased usage of water diminishes the reserves.
Agricultural drought is identified by 4 consecutive weeks of meteorological drought, weekly rainfall is 50 mm from 15/5/ to 15/10, 6 such consecutive weeks rest of the year and crop planted is 80% in kharif season.
In India, around 68% of the country is prone to drought in varying degrees. 35% which receives rainfall between 750 mm and 1125 mm is considered drought prone while 33% receiving less than 750 mm is chronically drought prone.

Monday, May 26, 2014

A Proud Mother



Ahmedabad, May 26 

Prime Minister Narendra Modi's mother Hiraben, who could not attend her son's swearing-in ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan today, ensured she keeps pace with the developments on television. Sitting in a small room with her family members, 92-year-old Hiraben watched live coverage of the gala event. She seemed  unperturbed by scores of cameramen and reporters who had crowded the room to seek her reaction.

Swami Vivekananda Speaks



PRACTICAL VEDANTA
PART I
(Delivered in London, 10th November 1896)

I have been asked to say something about the practical position of the Vedanta philosophy. As I have told you, theory is very good indeed, but how are we to carry it into practice? If it be absolutely impracticable, no theory is of any value whatever, except as intellectual gymnastics. The Vedanta, therefore, as a religion must be intensely practical. We must be able to carry it out in every part of our lives. And not only this, the fictitious differentiation between religion and the life of the world must vanish, for the Vedanta teaches oneness — one life throughout. The ideals of religion must cover the whole field of life, they must enter into all our thoughts, and more and more into practice. I will enter gradually on the practical side as we proceed. But this series of lectures is intended to be a basis, and so we must first apply ourselves to theories and understand how they are worked out, proceeding from forest caves to busy streets and cities; and one peculiar feature we find is that many of these thoughts have been the outcome, not of retirement into forests, but have emanated from persons whom we expect to lead the busiest lives — from ruling monarchs.

Shvetaketu was the son of Âruni, a sage, most probably a recluse. He was brought up in the forest, but he went to the city of the Panchâlas and appeared at the court of the king, Pravâhana Jaivali. The king asked him, "Do you know how beings depart hence at death?" "No, sir." "Do you know how they return hither?" "No, sir." "Do you know the way of the fathers and the way of the gods?" "No, sir." Then the king asked other questions. Shvetaketu could not answer them. So the king told him that he knew nothing. The boy went back to his father, and the father admitted that he himself could not answer these questions. It was not that he was unwilling to answer these questions. It was not that he was unwilling to teach the boy, but he did not know these things. So he went to the king and asked to be taught these secrets. The king said that these things had been hitherto known only among kings; the priests never knew them. He, however, proceeded to teach him what he desired to know. In various Upanishads we find that this Vedanta philosophy is not the outcome of meditation in the forests only, but that the very best parts of it were thought out and expressed by brains which were busiest in the everyday affairs of life. We cannot conceive any man busier than an absolute monarch, a man who is ruling over millions of people, and yet, some of these rulers were deep thinkers.

Everything goes to show that this philosophy must be very practical; and later on, when we come to the Bhagavad-Gita — most of you, perhaps, have read it, it is the best commentary we have on the Vedanta philosophy — curiously enough the scene is laid on the battlefield, where Krishna teaches this philosophy to Arjuna; and the doctrine which stands out luminously in every page of the Gita is intense activity, but in the midst of it, eternal calmness. This is the secret of work, to attain which is the goal of the Vedanta. Inactivity, as we understand it in the sense of passivity, certainly cannot be the goal. Were it so, then the walls around us would be the most intelligent; they are inactive. Clods of earth, stumps of trees, would be the greatest sages in the world; they are inactive. Nor does inactivity become activity when it is combined with passion. Real activity, which is the goal of Vedanta, is combined with eternal calmness, the calmness which cannot be ruffled, the balance of mind which is never disturbed, whatever happens. And we all know from our experience in life that that is the best attitude for work.

I have been asked many times how we can work if we do not have the passion which we generally feel for work. I also thought in that way years ago, but as I am growing older, getting more experience, I find it is not true. The less passion there is, the better we work. The calmer we are, the better for us, and the more the amount of work we can do. When we let loose our feelings, we waste so much energy, shatter our nerves, disturb our minds, and accomplish very little work. The energy which ought to have gone out as work is spent as mere feeling, which counts for nothing. It is only when the mind is very calm and collected that the whole of its energy is spent in doing good work. And if you read the lives of the great workers which the world has produced, you will find that they were wonderfully calm men. Nothing, as it were, could throw them off their balance. That is why the man who becomes angry never does a great amount of work, and the man whom nothing can make angry accomplishes so much. The man who gives way to anger, or hatred, or any other passion, cannot work; he only breaks himself to pieces, and does nothing practical. It is the calm, forgiving, equable, well-balanced mind that does the greatest amount of work.

The Vedanta preaches the ideal; and the ideal, as we know, is always far ahead of the real, of the practical, as we may call it. There are two tendencies in human nature: one to harmonise the ideal with the life, and the other to elevate the life to the ideal. It is a great thing to understand this, for the former tendency is the temptation of our lives. I think that I can only do a certain class of work. Most of it, perhaps, is bad; most of it, perhaps, has a motive power of passion behind it, anger, or greed, or selfishness. Now if any man comes to preach to me a certain ideal, the first step towards which is to give up selfishness, to give up self-enjoyment, I think that is impractical. But when a man brings an ideal which can be reconciled with my selfishness, I am glad at once and jump at it. That is the ideal for me. As the word "orthodox" has been manipulated into various forms, so has been the word "practical". "My doxy is orthodoxy; your doxy is heterodoxy." So with practicality. What I think is practical, is to me the only practicality in the world. If I am a shopkeeper, I think shopkeeping the only practical pursuit in the world. If I am a thief, I think stealing is the best means of being practical; others are not practical. You see how we all use this word practical for things we like and can do. Therefore I will ask you to understand that Vedanta, though it is intensely practical, is always so in the sense of the ideal. It does not preach an impossible ideal, however high it be, and it is high enough for an ideal. In one word, this ideal is that you are divine, "Thou art That". This is the essence of Vedanta; after all its ramifications and intellectual gymnastics, you know the human soul to be pure and omniscient, you see that such superstitions as birth and death would be entire nonsense when spoken of in connection with the soul. The soul was never born and will never die, and all these ideas that we are going to die and are afraid to die are mere superstitions. And all such ideas as that we can do this or cannot do that are superstitions. We can do everything. The Vedanta teaches men to have faith in themselves first. As certain religions of the world say that a man who does not believe in a Personal God outside of himself is an atheist, so the Vedanta says, a man who does not believe in himself is an atheist. Not believing in the glory of our own soul is what the Vedanta calls atheism. To many this is, no doubt, a terrible idea; and most of us think that this ideal can never be reached; but the Vedanta insists that it can be realised by every one. There is neither man nor woman or child, nor difference of race or sex, nor anything that stands as a bar to the realisation of the ideal, because Vedanta shows that it is realised already, it is already there.

All the powers in the universe are already ours. It is we who have put our hands before our eyes and cry that it is dark. Know that there is no darkness around us. Take the hands away and there is the light which was from the beginning. Darkness never existed, weakness never existed. We who are fools cry that we are weak; we who are fools cry that we are impure. Thus Vedanta not only insists that the ideal is practical, but that it has been so all the time; and this Ideal, this Reality, is our own nature. Everything else that you see is false, untrue. As soon as you say, "I am a little mortal being," you are saying something which is not true, you are giving the lie to yourselves, you are hypnotising yourselves into something vile and weak and wretched.

The Vedanta recognises no sin, it only recognises error. And the greatest error, says the Vedanta, is to say that you are weak, that you are a sinner, a miserable creature, and that you have no power and you cannot do this and that. Every time you think in that way, you, as it were, rivet one more link in the chain that binds you down, you add one more layer of hypnotism on to your own soul. Therefore, whosoever thinks he is weak is wrong, whosoever thinks he is impure is wrong, and is throwing a bad thought into the world. This we must always bear in mind that in the Vedanta there is no attempt at reconciling the present life — the hypnotised life, this false life which we have assumed — with the ideal; but this false life must go, and the real life which is always existing must manifest itself, must shine out. No man becomes purer and purer, it is a matter of greater manifestation. The veil drops away, and the native purity of the soul begins to manifest itself. Everything is ours already — infinite purity, freedom, love, and power.

The Vedanta also says that not only can this be realised in the depths of forests or caves, but by men in all possible conditions of life. We have seen that the people who discovered these truths were neither living in caves nor forests, nor following the ordinary vocations of life, but men who, we have every reason to believe, led the busiest of lives, men who had to command armies, to sit on thrones, and look to the welfare of millions — and all these, in the days of absolute monarchy, and not as in these days when a king is to a great extent a mere figurehead. Yet they could find time to think out all these thoughts, to realise them, and to teach them to humanity. How much more then should it be practical for us whose lives, compared with theirs, are lives of leisure? That we cannot realise them is a shame to us, seeing that we are comparatively free all the time, having very little to do. My requirements are as nothing compared with those of an ancient absolute monarch. My wants are as nothing compared with the demands of Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra, commanding a huge army; and yet he could find time in the midst of the din and turmoil of battle to talk the highest philosophy and to carry it into his life also. Surely we ought to be able to do as much in this life of ours — comparatively free, easy, and comfortable. Most of us here have more time than we think we have, if we really want to use it for good. With the amount of freedom we have we can attain to two hundred ideals in this life, if we will, but we must not degrade the ideal to the actual. One of the most insinuating things comes to us in the shape of persons who apologise for our mistakes and teach us how to make special excuses for all our foolish wants and foolish desires; and we think that their ideal is the only ideal we need have. But it is not so. The Vedanta teaches no such thing. The actual should be reconciled to the ideal, the present life should be made to coincide with life eternal.

For you must always remember that the one central ideal of Vedanta is this oneness. There are no two in anything, no two lives, nor even two different kinds of life for the two worlds. You will find the Vedas speaking of heavens and things like that at first; but later on, when they come to the highest ideals of their philosophy, they brush away all these things. There is but one life, one world, one existence. Everything is that One, the difference is in degree and not in kind. The difference between our lives is not in kind. The Vedanta entirely denies such ideas as that animals are separate from men, and that they were made and created by God to be used for our food.

Some people have been kind enough to start an antivivisection society. I asked a member, "Why do you think, my friend, that it is quite lawful to kill animals for food, and not to kill one or two for scientific experiments?" He replied, "Vivisection is most horrible, but animals have been given to us for food." Oneness includes all animals. If man's life is immortal, so also is the animal's. The difference is only in degree and not in kind. The amoeba and I are the same, the difference is only in degree; and from the standpoint of the highest life, all these differences vanish. A man may see a great deal of difference between grass and a little tree, but if you mount very high, the grass and the biggest tree will appear much the same. So, from the standpoint of the highest ideal, the lowest animal and the highest man are the same. If you believe there is a God, the animals and the highest creatures must be the same. A God who is partial to his children called men, and cruel to his children called brute beasts, is worse than a demon. I would rather die a hundred times than worship such a God. My whole life would be a fight with such a God But there is no difference, and those who say there is, are irresponsible, heartless people who do not know. Here is a case of the word practical used in a wrong sense. I myself may not be a very strict vegetarian, but I understand the ideal. When I eat meat I know it is wrong. Even if I am bound to eat it under certain circumstances, I know it is cruel. I must not drag my ideal down to the actual and apologise for my weak conduct in this way. The ideal is not to eat flesh, not to injure any being, for all animals are my brothers. If you can think of them as your brothers, you have made a little headway towards the brotherhood of all souls, not to speak of the brotherhood of man! That is child's play. You generally find that this is not very acceptable to many, because it teaches them to give up the actual, and go higher up to the ideal. But if you bring out a theory which is reconciled with their present conduct, they regard it as entirely practical.

There is this strongly conservative tendency in human nature: we do not like to move one step forward. I think of mankind just as I read of persons who become frozen in snow; all such, they say, want to go to sleep, and if you try to drag them up, they say, "Let me sleep; it is so beautiful to sleep in the snow", and they die there in that sleep. So is our nature. That is what we are doing all our life, getting frozen from the feet upwards, and yet wanting to sleep. Therefore you must struggle towards the ideal, and if a man comes who wants to bring that ideal down to your level, and teach a religion that does not carry that highest ideal, do not listen to him. To me that is an impracticable religion. But if a man teaches a religion which presents the highest ideal, I am ready for him. Beware when anyone is trying to apologise for sense vanities and sense weaknesses. If anyone wants to preach that way to us, poor, sense-bound clods of earth as we have made ourselves by following that teaching, we shall never progress. I have seen many of these things, have had some experience of the world, and my country is the land where religious sects grow like mushrooms. Every year new sects arise. But one thing I have marked, that it is only those that never want to reconcile the man of flesh with the man of truth that make progress. Wherever there is this false idea of reconciling fleshly vanities with the highest ideals, of dragging down God to the level of man, there comes decay. Man should not be degraded to worldly slavery, but should be raised up to God.

At the same time, there is another side to the question. We must not look down with contempt on others. All of us are going towards the same goal. The difference between weakness and strength is one of degree; the difference between virtue and vice is one of degree, the difference between heaven and hell is one of degree, the difference between life and death is one of degree, all differences in this world are of degree, and not of kind, because oneness is the secret of everything. All is One, which manifests Itself, either as thought, or life, or soul, or body, and the difference is only in degree. As such, we have no right to look down with contempt upon those who are not developed exactly in the same degree as we are. Condemn none; if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If you cannot, fold your hands, bless your brothers, and let them go their own way. Dragging down and condemning is not the way to work. Never is work accomplished in that way. We spend our energies in condemning others. Criticism and condemnation is a vain way of spending our energies, for in the long run we come to learn that all are seeing the same thing, are more or less approaching the same ideal, and that most of our differences are merely differences of expression.

Take the idea of sin. I was telling you just now the Vedantic idea of it, and the other idea is that man is a sinner. They are practically the same, only the one takes the positive and the other the negative side. One shows to man his strength and the other his weakness. There may be weakness, says the Vedanta, but never mind, we want to grow. Disease was found out as soon as man was born. Everyone knows his disease; it requires no one to tell us what our diseases are. But thinking all the time that we are diseased will not cure us — medicine is necessary. We may forget anything outside, we may try to become hypocrites to the external world, but in our heart of hearts we all know our weaknesses. But, says the Vedanta, being reminded of weakness does not help much; give strength, and strength does not come by thinking of weakness all the time. The remedy for weakness is not brooding over weakness, but thinking of strength. Teach men of the strength that is already within them. Instead of telling them they are sinners, the Vedanta takes the opposite position, and says, "You are pure and perfect, and what you call sin does not belong to you." Sins are very low degrees of Self-manifestation; manifest your Self in a high degree. That is the one thing to remember; all of us can do that. Never say, "No", never say, "I cannot", for you are infinite. Even time and space are as nothing compared with your nature. You can do anything and everything, you are almighty.

These are the principles of ethics, but we shall now come down lower and work out the details. We shall see how this Vedanta can be carried into our everyday life, the city life, the country life, the national life, and the home life of every nation. For, if a religion cannot help man wherever he may be, wherever he stands, it is not of much use; it will remain only a theory for the chosen few. Religion, to help mankind, must be ready and able to help him in whatever condition he is, in servitude or in freedom, in the depths of degradation or on the heights of purity; everywhere, equally, it should be able to come to his aid. The principles of Vedanta, or the ideal of religion, or whatever you may call it, will be fulfilled by its capacity for performing this great function.

The ideal of faith in ourselves is of the greatest help to us. If faith in ourselves had been more extensively taught and practiced, I am sure a very large portion of the evils and miseries that we have would have vanished. Throughout the history of mankind, if any motive power has been more potent than another in the lives of all great men and women, it is that of faith in themselves. Born with the consciousness that they were to be great, they became great. Let a man go down as low as possible; there must come a time when out of sheer desperation he will take an upward curve and will learn to have faith in himself. But it is better for us that we should know it from the very first. Why should we have all these bitter experiences in order to gain faith in ourselves? We can see that all the difference between man and man is owing to the existence or non-existence of faith in himself. Faith in ourselves will do everything. I have experienced it in my own life, and am still doing so; and as I grow older that faith is becoming stronger and stronger. He is an atheist who does not believe in himself. The old religions said that he was an atheist who did not believe in God. The new religion says that he is the atheist who does not believe in himself. But it is not selfish faith because the Vedanta, again, is the doctrine of oneness. It means faith in all, because you are all. Love for yourselves means love for all, love for animals, love for everything, for you are all one. It is the great faith which will make the world better. I am sure of that. He is the highest man who can say with truth, "I know all about myself." Do you know how much energy, how many powers, how many forces are still lurking behind that frame of yours? What scientist has known all that is in man? Millions of years have passed since man first came here, and yet but one infinitesimal part of his powers has been manifested. Therefore, you must not say that you are weak. How do you know what possibilities lie behind that degradation on the surface? You know but little of that which is within you. For behind you is the ocean of infinite power and blessedness.

"This Âtman is first to be heard of." Hear day and night that you are that Soul. Repeat it to yourselves day and night till it enters into your very veins, till it tingles in every drop of blood, till it is in your flesh and bone. Let the whole body be full of that one ideal, "I am the birthless, the deathless, the blissful, the omniscient, the omnipotent, ever-glorious Soul." Think on it day and night; think on it till it becomes part and parcel of your life. Meditate upon it, and out of that will come work. "Out of the fullness of the heart the mouth speaketh," and out of the fullness of the heart the hand worketh also. Action will come. Fill yourselves with the ideal; whatever you do, think well on it. All your actions will be magnified, transformed, deified, by the very power of the thought. If matter is powerful, thought is omnipotent. Bring this thought to bear upon your life, fill yourselves with the thought of your almightiness, your majesty, and your glory. Would to God no superstitions had been put into your head! Would to God we had not been surrounded from our birth by all these superstitious influences and paralysing ideas of our weakness and vileness! Would to God that mankind had had an easier path through which to attain to the noblest and highest truths! But man had to pass through all this; do not make the path more difficult for those who are coming after you.

These are sometimes terrible doctrines to teach. I know people who get frightened at these ideas, but for those who want to be practical, this is the first thing to learn. Never tell yourselves or others that you are weak. Do good if you can, but do not injure the world. You know in your inmost heart that many of your limited ideas, this humbling of yourself and praying and weeping to imaginary beings are superstitions. Tell me one case where these prayers have been answered. All the answers that came were from your own hearts. You know there are no ghosts, but no sooner are you in the dark than you feel a little creepy sensation. That is so because in our childhood we have had all these fearful ideas put into our heads. But do not teach these things to others through fear of society and public opinion, through fear of incurring the hatred of friends, or for fear of losing cherished superstitions. Be masters of all these. What is there to be taught more in religion than the oneness of the universe and faith in one's self? All the works of mankind for thousands of years past have been towards this one goal, and mankind is yet working it out. It is your turn now and you already know the truth. For it has been taught on all sides. Not only philosophy and psychology, but materialistic sciences have declared it. Where is the scientific man today who fears to acknowledge the truth of this oneness of the universe? Who is there who dares talk of many worlds? All these are superstitions. There is only one life and one world, and this one life and one world is appearing to us as manifold. This manifoldness is like a dream. When you dream, one dream passes away and another comes. You do not live in your dreams. The dreams come one after another, scene after scene unfolds before you. So it is in this world of ninety per cent misery and ten per cent happiness. Perhaps after a while it will appear as ninety per cent happiness, and we shall call it heaven, but a time comes to the sage when the whole thing vanishes, and this world appears as God Himself, and his own soul as God. It is not therefore that there are many worlds, it is not that there are many lives. All this manifoldness is the manifestation of that One. That One is manifesting Himself as many, as matter, spirit, mind, thought, and everything else. It is that One, manifesting Himself as many. Therefore the first step for us to take is to teach the truth to ourselves and to others.

Let the world resound with this ideal, and let superstitions vanish. Tell it to men who are weak and persist in telling it. You are the Pure One; awake and arise, O mighty one, this sleep does not become you. Awake and arise, it does not befit you. Think not that you are weak and miserable. Almighty, arise and awake, and manifest your own nature. It is not fitting that you think yourself a sinner. It is not fitting that you think yourself weak. Say that to the world, say it to yourselves, and see what a practical result comes, see how with an electric flash everything is manifested, how everything is changed. Tell that to mankind, and show them their power. Then we shall learn how to apply it in our daily lives.

To be able to use what we call Viveka (discrimination), to learn how in every moment of our lives, in every one of our actions, to discriminate between what is right and wrong, true and false, we shall have to know the test of truth, which is purity, oneness. Everything that makes for oneness is truth. Love is truth, and hatred is false, because hatred makes for multiplicity. It is hatred that separates man from man; therefore it is wrong and false. It is a disintegrating power; it separates and destroys.

Love binds, love makes for that oneness. You become one, the mother with the child, families with the city, the whole world becomes one with the animals. For love is Existence, God Himself; and all this is the manifestation of that One Love, more or less expressed. The difference is only in degree, but it is the manifestation of that One Love throughout. Therefore in all our actions we have to judge whether it is making for diversity or for oneness. If for diversity we have to give it up, but if it makes for oneness we are sure it is good. So with our thoughts; we have to decide whether they make for disintegration, multiplicity, or for oneness, binding soul to soul and bringing one influence to bear. If they do this, we will take them up, and if not, we will throw them off as criminal.

The whole idea of ethics is that it does not depend on anything unknowable, it does not teach anything unknown, but in the language of the Upanishad, "The God whom you worship as an unknown God, the same I preach unto thee." It is through the Self that you know anything. I see the chair; but to see the chair, I have first to perceive myself and then the chair. It is in and through the Self that the chair is perceived. It is in and through the Self that you are known to me, that the whole world is known to me; and therefore to say this Self is unknown is sheer nonsense. Take off the Self and the whole universe vanishes. In and through the Self all knowledge comes. Therefore it is the best known of all. It is yourself, that which you call I. You may wonder how this I of me can be the I of you. You may wonder how this limited I can be the unlimited Infinite, but it is so. The limited is a mere fiction. The Infinite has been covered up, as it were, and a little of It is manifesting as the I. Limitation can never come upon the unlimited; it is a fiction. The Self is known, therefore, to every one of us — man, woman, or child — and even to animals. Without knowing Him we can neither live nor move, nor have our being; without knowing this Lord of all, we cannot breathe or live a second. The God of the Vedanta is the most known of all and is not the outcome of imagination.

If this is not preaching a practical God, how else could you teach a practical God? Where is there a more practical God than He whom I see before me — a God omnipresent, in every being, more real than our senses? For you are He, the Omnipresent God Almighty, the Soul of your souls, and if I say you are not, I tell an untruth. I know it, whether at all times I realise it or not. He is the Oneness, the Unity of all, the Reality of all life and all existence.

These ideas of the ethics of Vedanta have to be worked out in detail, and, therefore, you must have patience. As I have told you, we want to take the subject in detail and work it up thoroughly, to see how the ideas grow from very low ideals, and how the one great Ideal of oneness has developed and become shaped into the universal love; and we ought to study these in order to avoid dangers. The world cannot find time to work it up from the lowest steps. But what is the use of our standing on higher steps if we cannot give the truth to others coming afterwards? Therefore, it is better to study it in all its workings; and first, it is absolutely necessary to clear the intellectual portion, although we know that intellectuality is almost nothing; for it is the heart that is of most importance. It is through the heart that the Lord is seen, and not through the intellect. The intellect is only the street-cleaner, cleansing the path for us, a secondary worker, the policeman; but the policeman is not a positive necessity for the workings of society. He is only to stop disturbances, to check wrong-doing, and that is all the work required of the intellect. When you read intellectual books, you think when you have mastered them, "Bless the Lord that I am out of them", because the intellect is blind and cannot move of itself, it has neither hands nor feet. It is feeling that works, that moves with speed infinitely superior to that of electricity or anything else. Do you feel? — that is the question. If you do, you will see the Lord: It is the feeling that you have today that will be intensified, deified, raised to the highest platform, until it feels everything, the oneness in everything, till it feels God in itself and in others. The intellect can never do that. "Different methods of speaking words, different methods of explaining the texts of books, these are for the enjoyment of the learned, not for the salvation of the soul" (Vivekachudâmani, 58).

Those of you who have read Thomas a Kempis know how in every page he insists on this, and almost every holy man in the world has insisted on it. Intellect is necessary, for without it we fall into crude errors and make all sorts of mistakes. Intellect checks these; but beyond that, do not try to build anything upon it. It is an inactive, secondary help; the real help is feeling, love. Do you feel for others? If you do, you are growing in oneness. If you do not feel for others, you may be the most intellectual giant ever born, but you will be nothing; you are but dry intellect, and you will remain so. And if you feel, even if you cannot read any book and do not know any language, you are in the right way. The Lord is yours.

Do you not know from the history of the world where the power of the prophets lay? Where was it? In the intellect? Did any of them write a fine book on philosophy, on the most intricate ratiocinations of logic? Not one of them. They only spoke a few words. Feel like Christ and you will be a Christ; feel like Buddha and you will be a Buddha. It is feeling that is the life, the strength, the vitality, without which no amount of intellectual activity can reach God. Intellect is like limbs without the power of locomotion. It is only when feeling enters and gives them motion that they move and work on others. That is so all over the world, and it is a thing which you must always remember. It is one of the most practical things in Vedantic morality, for it is the teaching of the Vedanta that you are all prophets, and all must be prophets. The book is not the proof of your conduct, but you are the proof of the book. How do you know that a book teaches truth? Because you are truth and feel it. That is what the Vedanta says. What is the proof of the Christs and Buddhas of the world? That you and I feel like them. That is how you and I understand that they were true. Our prophet-soul is the proof of their prophet-soul. Your godhead is the proof of God Himself. If you are not a prophet, there never has been anything true of God. If you are not God, there never was any God, and never will be. This, says the Vedanta, is the ideal to follow. Every one of us will have to become a prophet, and you are that already. Only know it. Never think there is anything impossible for the soul. It is the greatest heresy to think so. If there is sin, this is the only sin — to say that you are weak, or others are weak.